CALOOCAN CITY
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS
The City of Caloocan, (Filipino: Lungsod ng Kalookan; alternative spelling: Kalookan City), is one of the cities and municipalities that comprise Metro Manila in the Philippines. It is the country's third most populous city with a population of 1,177,604.
Located just three kilometers away from Manila Bay and 15 kilometers northwest of the mouth of Pasig River, Caloocan City is bounded on the east by Quezon City, on the west and north by Malabon, and on the south by the City of Manila.
The name of the town originated from the Tagalog word "Lo-ok" (bay) meaning interior in view of its proximity to Manila Bay. Others believed that the word “Lo-ok” means “Sulok”(corner), because the place was at the end or corner of Tondo and Tambohong (now Malabon). However, the original name of the place as the Spaniards call it was Aromahan or Espina, when it was still a barrio of Tondo located in a low place called Libis, now commonly called Libis Espina.
The British invasion in 1762 and the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Philippines in 1768 have totally changed the socio-economic conditions of the inhabitants. The Spanish Government confiscated most of the agricultural lands in Caloocan, the bigger portion of which was owned by the Maysilo Estate. Later on, this was sold to a Spanish mestizo.
The British occupation of manila had ill effects on the peace and order condition of Caloocan. When they gained full control of the Walled city, they opened the jails and set all the prisoners free. Based on the account of Father Zuñiga, these prisoners, joined by other restless elements sought refuge in Caloocan, “murdered men were seen on the roads, naked and pierced with dagger stabs, thereby showing the terrible conditions in which they had been killed to rob them.”
When Caloocan became a town in 1815, it occupied a vast territory. Its territorial jurisdiction was bounded on the north by the barrio of Tinajeros, Malabon, and Tanza River; on the east by the town of Marikina; on the south by the towns of Sampalok and Santa Cruz, the Hacienda de Santa Mesa, and the sitio of San Francisco del Monte; and on the west by the towns of Tondo and Malabon. The first gobernadorcillo was Mariano Sandoval, while the first curate was Fray Manuel Vaquerro, a Recollect.
Miguel Saludes became the first capitan municipal when the Maura Law changed the Title of the town head during the last three years of the Spanish regime. Others who held the same position were Silverio Baltazar and Pedro Sevilla.
The city is historically significant because it was the center of activities for the Katipunan, the secret militant society that launched the Philippine Revolution. It was in a house in Caloocan where secret meetings were held by Andres Bonifacio and his men, and it was within the city's perimeters where the very first armed encounter took place between the Katipunan and the Spaniards.
The Katipunan was discovered by the Spaniards on August 19, 1896. Four days later, on the 23rd, Andres Bonifacio and about 1,000 members of the Society met in Balintawak, Caloocan, in the yard of Juan A. Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino (mother of the Katipuneros), where they tore their cedulas to express their willingness to fight, and shouted, "Long live the Philippines, Long live the Katipunan!". Later, the Filipino Forces under Col. Pacheco captures Caloocan from the Spaniards on June 12, 1898.
The city's most celebrated landmark is the monument of Philippine revolutionary Andres Bonifacio, which is located at the end of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA). The memorial was erected in 1933 with sculptures crafted by national artist Guillermo Tolentino to mark the very first battle of the Philippine revolution on August 3, 1896. Recent renovations have been made on the environs of the monument, including the Bonifacio Circle, its former site, and the Caloocan stretch of EDSA, which is 100 meters away from the landmark. The whole area is now known as Monumento.
On June 17, 1961, Republic Act. No. 3278 created the City of Caloocan in honor of Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan.
1 comments:
Eero said...
A TRIBUTE TO ANDRES BONIFACIO AS COMMUNICATION SPECIALIST
Written By Eero P. Brillantes, Ella Kristina D. Domingo, Les dM. Coronel, Geraldine T. Brillantes as their contribution to the greatness of Andres Bonifacio as the father of the Philippine Revolution www.mindbullet.org
Andres Bonifacio, the supremo, a self-taught revolutionary, a national hero. Today, we celebrate Bonifacio Day. For other national heroes, their “day” is celebrated on their death, while for Andres Bonifacio, we celebrate his “day” on his birthday because he was killed by his own countryman: a Filipino named Makapagal (Seasite, no date).
Bonifacio’s masterful use of his communication skills triggered the downfall of the three and a half century Spanish rule over the Philippines. Knowledgeable of spoken Spanish and English languages, Andres was able to conceptualize and apply in the Philippine setting the tenets culled from the French Revolution, as well as literature which elaborated on brotherhood, equality and freedom.
The website www. bakbakan.com dedicates a whole web page on Andres Bonifacio and how communication has molded his principles. Other websites such as Wikipedia, and the SEAsite (Northern Illinois University) made similar claims.
Lack of formal education never stopped Andres Bonifacio to continue learning and practicing his knowledge. He capitalized on his spoken languages – English and Spanish; and his reading skills to learn the principles of rights and freedom. He read about history, politics, law and religion. Ambeth Ocampo, a historian, mentioned that among Andres Bonifacio’s reading list were: Lives of the Presidents of the United States"; "History of the French Revolution" (two volumes); "La Solidaridad" (three volumes); "Noli Me Tangere"; "El Filibusterismo"; "International Law"; "Civil Code"; "Penal Code"; "Ruins of Palmyra"; "Religion within the Reach of All"; "The Bible" (five volumes); "Les Miserables" by Victor Hugo; and "The Wandering Jew" by Eugene Sue (taken from http://www.seasite.niu.edu).
Aside from being a voracious reader, Bonifacio wrote poetry, and was a moro-moro actor – very typical of great communicators.
Based on www.bakbakan.com, Bonifacio was probably one of the greatest motivational writers and speakers of his generation, along with Dr. Jose Rizal. Using his native language, Bonifacio wrote with full passion and compassion.
“In his essay "What the Filipinos Should Know," Bonifacio wrote in Tagalog: "Reason tells us that we cannot expect anything but more sufferings, more treachery, more insults, and more slavery. Reason tells us not to fritter away time for the promised prosperity that will never come….Reason teaches us to rely on ourselves and not to depend on others for our living. Reason tells us to be united…that we may have the strength to combat the evils in our country."
Bonifacio also wrote about how the Filipinos were tortured by the Spaniards. They were bound, kicked, and hit with gun butts. They were electrocuted and hung upside down like cattle. He said that Filipino prisoners were "thrown into the sea…shot, poisoned…."
To further illucidate his mastery of verbal and non-verbal communication as a way to agitate for social upheaval, Bonifacio intricately organized an underground movement patterned after the “triangle organizing” concept. In contemporary times, the “triangle” took on many permutations including cell “organizing” for activists, and multi-level marketing as product distribution channels for scams and legitimate businesses. Bonifacio and his disciples couched his organizing work in millenarian revolutionary language and rituals. Conceptual combinations of pagan mysticism, folk Christianity, and symbols/rituals culled from the freemasonry movement provided the organizational culture. The blood compact ritual and the tearing up of the cedula provided heavy drama to the whole effort. It can be deduced that Bonifacio’s organizational communication acumen as applied to revolution was indeed effective. A whole book entitled Pasyon at Rebolusyon by Renato Lleto was dedicated to the subject matter of conjuncture and national consciousness from the point of view of the critical mass during the Spanish occupation. It theorized on folk culture, folk Christianity, and revolutionary fervor against colonial rule as defining ingredients in the Philippine revolution.
The Beginning
On the night of July 7, 1892 – the same day he heard that Rizal had been exiled to Dapitan – Bonifacio met his friends secretly, at a house on Azcarraga Street (now Claro M. Recto) in Tondo. Together with his two friends Ladislao Diwa and Teodoro Plata, he formed the first triangle of a secret society which bore the initials K.K.K. The three letters stood for Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan, or Katipunan
Instead of using the old Spanish spelling of the letter "c," Bonifacio used the Tagalog spelling of "k." Rizal had suggested the change in an article published two years earlier in the newspaper La Solidaridad. The "k," pronouched ka, was based on the ancient Tagalog script (I). The letter “K” symbolizes revolt by bringing forth into attention that the Filipino culture existed before Spanish hegemony.
“Katipuneros” : Symbologists
The Katipunan thrived as an underground society through the use of secret codes and passwords. Keeping secrets from the Spaniards during those times was very difficult. To keep the whole organization from being discovered, Katipunan employed the triangle method: a system of enlistment wherein a recruiter would ask only two members to join. Only the recruiter would know the names of both recruits while the recruits would not each other. Thus, the organization is encapsulated into three-man units and a direct command chain resulting to a very efficient personnel management.
Though some members were middle class, the Katipunan membership is dominantly from the poor and working classes, thus its membership grew to the thousands.
The Katipunan had three aims:
• First, it wanted to free the Philippines from Spain, by force of arms if necessary. Its members, called Katipuneros, were taught to make and use weapons.
• Second is the the moral, or spiritual, aim. The Katipunan saw all men, rich or poor, as equals.
• Third, the Katipuneros were taught to care for one another in times of sickness and need. The society took care of its sick. If a member died, the Katipunan helped to pay the cost of a simple funeral.
After October 1892, all Katipuneros could recruit as many members as they could.
To prove courage and sincerity, any man who wanted to join the Katipunan had to pass a number of tests. One of them are answering these questions:
(1) In what condition did the Spaniards find the Filipino people when they came?
(2) In what condition do they find themselves now?
(3) What hope do the Filipino people have for the future?
The final test was the “sandugo” (blood compact). The recruit was asked to make a small cut on his left forearm with a sharp knife, then sign the Katipunan oath in his own blood. Afterwards, the new member chose a symbolic name for himself. For example, Bonifacio was called "May pag-asa" (Hopeful).
Women and Revolution
About thirty women, limited to wives, daughters and close relatives of the Katipuneros, joined the Katipunan. The women’s chapter of the Katipunan was formed in July 1893. However, the women did not have to seal their membership with a blood compact. During Katipunan meetings, they wore green masks, and white sashes with green borders. Sometimes they carried revolvers or daggers. They usually served as look-outs in the outer sala (living room) while the men held their secret meetings in the backroom.
The Discovery
The Katipunan was discovered before they were ready for a full-armed struggle. Father Mariano Gil, the Augustinian parish priest of Tondo, learned it from Teodoro Patino, an unhappy member of the Katipunan. The Spanish police moved quickly to stop the revolution. Many Filipinos were arrested, jailed, and shot. But Bonifacio knew that the die had been cast. There was no turning back. The time had come for the Filipino people to engage the enemy in battle.
Bonifacio met with other Katipunan leaders in a place called Pugadlawin, on August 23, 1896. They tore up their cedulas (residence tax papers) and cried "Long Live the Philippines!" They vowed to fight the Spaniards down to the last man.
Synthesis
Following these stories are insights that make Andres Bonifacio, one heck of a communicator. The organization of Katipunan is filled with symbols and communication models that are actually perfect means in delivering messages and understanding among its members. His target members, the poor and Filipinos, showed that a strong critical mass against Filipino oppression was more than felt during that time.
Interactions, tactics and strategies are highly based on communication patterns and symbols. Employing the triangle method, asking patriotic questions, The Sandugo and the Cry of Pugadlawin are symbolic actions of freedom and revolt. The role of women in the revolution was never neglected. More importantly, Bonifacio started all these with the communication skills basics: spoken language, reading, and writing. Though Jose Rizal and his cohorts had formal education, Bonifacio, a natural genius, did well very well through self-study. Bonifacio, was able to listen to the cries of the oppressed Filipinos.
Connecting meanings in among the members of an organized society is essential to its potential success. Bonifacio, an idealist, was able to apply his readings into a historic revolution. Having tangible focus, his faith on the Filipinos was so immense and he was somehow thought of a as a fool by the formally educated. Bonifacio knew what Filipinos wanted that time. And through his strategic plans, innate communication skills, he was able to organize the poor, the uneducated, the masses and together, they fought for freedom. Without the Katipunan, did you ever ask where will we be now?
References
SEAsite, Northern Illinois University,
(http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Cynthia/festivals/bonifacio_day.htm)
December 4, 2007 1:17 AM
